What Causes Cavities?

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A cavity, also called tooth decay or dental caries, is a hole that forms in your tooth when it’s damaged by bacteria. These bacteria feed on the sugars and carbs from your food, producing acid that slowly breaks down your tooth’s protective layers.

At first, the damage is small. But over time, that acid can create a hole in your tooth, what we call a cavity.

How Cavities Form

1. Bacteria + Sugar = Acid
   Bacteria in your mouth love sugar. When they eat it, they produce acid.
2. Enamel Breakdown
   That acid starts to wear away your enamel, the hard outer shell of your tooth.
3. Deeper Damage
   If not treated early, the damage moves into the dentin (a softer layer) and then the pulp, where nerves and blood vessels live. That’s when cavities become painful.
4. Mineral Loss
   Your teeth naturally lose important minerals like calcium and phosphate, especially when exposed to frequent acid attacks.

Signs & Risks

Symptoms of cavities:

• Tooth sensitivity (especially to sweet or cold foods)
• Pain when chewing
• Visible holes or dark spots
• Persistent bad breath

Risk factors include:

• Frequent snacking
• Sugary foods or drinks (especially between meals)
• Dry mouth
• Cracked or damaged teeth
• Past history of cavities

How to Prevent Cavities

Cavities are preventable! Here’s how to protect your smile:

• Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste or a mineral toothpaste
• Floss daily to remove food and bacteria from between your teeth
• Limit sugary snacks and drinks
• Drink more water
• Get dental checkups every 6 months
• Ask your dentist about sealants (especially for back molars)

Treating Cavities

• Early-stage decay can sometimes be reversed with fluoride treatments
• Moderate to severe decay may require fillings, crowns, or other dental procedures
• Always consult your dentist if you notice any signs of decay

The Bottom Line

Cavities are common, but they’re also highly preventable. With the right habits and regular dental care, you can protect your teeth, avoid painful problems, and keep your smile healthy for the long haul!